Cytokines

Cytokines are a group of small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and regulating the immune response. These signaling molecules are involved in numerous biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and communication between cells. Cytokines are secreted by various cells in the immune system such as macrophages, T cells, and B cells, as well as other cell types like fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

One of the key functions of cytokines is to mediate communication between immune cells in response to infection, injury, or inflammation. They can act locally within a tissue or travel through the bloodstream to target cells in distant parts of the body. Cytokines can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, depending on the specific type and context of the signaling pathway.

Dysregulation of cytokine signaling is associated with a variety of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory conditions, and cancer. In recent years, targeting cytokines or their receptors has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing these diseases. Overall, understanding the role of cytokines in signaling pathways is essential for unraveling the complexities of the immune system and developing effective treatments for related disorders.